An Overview of Achlorhydria

Achlorhydria is an absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juices produced in the stomach. The condition generally doesn't occur on its own but is a secondary result of some other condition or circumstance, such as H. pylori infection or hypothyroidism. Regardless of its cause, achlorhydria can result in a host of gastrointestinal symptoms from pain to constipation to heartburn.

Hydrochloric acid, which is produced by the parietal cells within the stomach walls, helps maintain the pH levels in the gastric juices so that the enzymes that help break down food into digestible substances can do their job. It also helps maintain the right acidic environment to keep thwart illness and disease.

Symptoms

Given that achlorhydria arises from a variety of causes, symptoms can vary but generally include one or more of the following:

• Pain in the upper abdomen below the ribs and above the stomach (the epigastric region)
• Weight loss
• Heartburn
• Nausea
• Abdominal bloating
• Diarrhea
• Acid regurgitation
• A feeling of fullness faster than normal after eating (early satiety)
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

Causes

Longtime use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like Prilosec (omeprazole) and Prevacid (lansoprazole) can cause hypochlorhydria, or reduced hydrochloric acid production, and lead to achlorhydria. Your healthcare provider will monitor your medication usage and investigate based on symptoms.

In addition, it's possible for illnesses to inhibit the parietal cells from functioning, leading to low acid production or none at all.

These include:

• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: A bacterial infection of the stomach that can cause gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer
• Hypothyroidism: Low thyroid hormone levels can negatively affect hydrochloric acid production
• Autoimmune disorders that designate parietal cells in the stomach as enemies and attack them, such as autoimmune atrophic gastritis. This type of gastritis can be a precursor to pernicious anemia, another autoimmune condition that attacks the parietal cells.
• Gastric bypass procedures where the largest acid-producing parts of the stomach are either removed or bound
• Radiation therapy involving the stomach
• Gastric (stomach) cancer

Diagnosis

If any of the possible causes might apply to you, your healthcare provider may run some tests. However, these tests are generally for diagnosing the suspected primary health condition, not achlorhydria itself.

Some tests your healthcare provider may consider include:

• Intrinsic factor antibody test, a blood panel that measures intrinsic factor antibody levels: Intrinsic factor is a protein produced by the parietal cells, and pernicious anemia can trigger the body to produce antibodies that attack parietal cells and inhibit intrinsic factor production.
• Gastric biopsy: During an endoscopy, a flexible scope is inserted into the stomach through the mouth (with the patient sedated) to retrieve a stomach tissue sample. Testing can reveal gastritis, H. pylori infection, and stomach cancer. Elevated bacteria levels can indicate low acid levels.
• H. pylori test: H. pylori bacterial infection can be detected via blood testing, a urea breath test (breathing into a collection bag), stool test, or endoscopy.
• Stomach acid test: The patient is injected with gastrin, a hormone that stimulates acid production. Then a tube is inserted into the stomach through the nose or mouth to take a sample for testing. Achlorhydria will yield abnormal stomach fluid volume and pH levels.
• Serum pepsinogen test: Low levels of pepsinogen, a substance secreted in the stomach and converted to the enzyme pepsin by stomach acid, can indicate achlorhydria. This blood test can also be used as an early screening for gastric cancer.
• Serum gastrin test: High gastrin levels in blood serum may signal achlorhydria.

Complications

Aside from complications (e.g, gastric cancer) that can arise from ignoring symptoms or not treating underlying conditions, the majority of complications from achlorhydria come from nutrient deficiency.

In cases of autoimmune conditions that attack the parietal cells, the abnormal digestive environment can cause absorption issues leading to iron and vitamin B12 deficiencies.

Achlorhydria has also been linked to vitamin D and calcium deficiency, so an unintended complication can be weak bones, which can result in fractures, especially of the hip.

Treatment

The cause of your achlorhydria will determine your treatment path. For instance, if chronic use of PPIs caused you to develop this condition, the first step your healthcare provider may take is stopping these medications.

If another health condition is causing your achlorhydria, treating that condition will generally alleviate low stomach acid problems. Therefore, individual treatments for pernicious anemia, H. pylori infection, or even gastric cancer will be the default treatment for achlorhydria.

Nutritional supplements like B12, iron, calcium, and vitamin D may also be warranted.